There are more than 5 million ha of cropping sands in the southern cropping region of south- eastern Australia. Crops grown on these soils are underperforming due to poor crop establishment, and lack of access to nutrients and water. This paper will analyse the results of a recent six year Sandy Soils project which was conducted in the low to medium rainfall environments of south- eastern Australia. The experiments occurred at 24 sites, representing 136 site years of data, and included a range of tillage treatments (deep ripping, spading, inclusion ripping and/or inversion ploughing), and amendments (fertiliser, animal manure, lime). At each site the key soil constraints were identified and ranked and the yield response to treatments was monitored. Yield response to tillage treatments, was analysed with respect to the magnitude and the longevity of the response. We also examined the suitability of tillage treatment based on the underlying soil constraint, its severity and the presence of other soil constraints. The yield response, its magnitude and longevity to ameliorating sandy soils using tillage varied with site, climate, rainfall and soil constraint combination. Tillage treatments with no added amendments produced modest yield gain (above the control) with spading treatments producing the highest yield gains. Yield gains were highest in the year the treatment was imposed. However, yield gains were still observed three years post tillage, however yield gain may extend beyond this period. Tillage treatments with added amendments produced constantly higher yield gains on average compared to tillage treatments without amendments. The crops response to tillage varied according to primary constraint, and the presence of multiple constraints. Therefore, the success of the tillage treatment is closely linked with knowledge of these soil constraints and choosing the best tillage tool to address the constraint.